The competitive socialising (CS) sector has grown at unparalleled levels over the past five years. Renewed appetite for in-person experiences and interactions post-pandemic has fuelled demand for the sector, continuing the growth we first reported five years ago, but with key changes in the direction of this growth. The CS concept has been a constant leisure pick for us for a number of years, seeing a 40% increase in supply since 2018. This is set to continue, with new concepts on the horizon and an ever-increasing focus on quality of offer.

CS encompasses a mix of experiential leisure activities, such as urban mini golf, stop the clock (which includes breakout rooms), bowling and virtual reality (VR). There are also ‘solo’ operators that focus on a single sport concept and ‘combo’ brands that have multiple CS concepts under one roof. The market was in its relative infancy in 2018, and whilst the market has grown since then as a whole, some subsectors have accelerated at a faster pace than others. Auditing this growth is challenging, given its fragmented nature and almost constant new entrants. Our focus has been on locations where the leisure offer is a key differentiator of the business rather than an add-on (e.g. a bar with beer pong is not included).

Several operators have established themselves as blended ‘combo’ brands, with a more varied entertainment experience proving popular with consumers and extending dwell times. The likes of Boom Battle Bar, Lane7 and Roxy have contributed to the 455% increase in ‘combo’ attractions over the past five years, whereas cinema operator The Light has adapted its most recent developments to incorporate a broader leisure offering. ‘Solo’ competitive socialising, which defines venues marketing one singular activity such as darts, axe-throwing and ping-pong, has grown by 162%. Urban mini golf, a more established sector, but one which has been revolutionised through innovative design and imaginatively themed layouts, has also seen an increase of 96%.

By comparison, bowling, whose presence in the market spans decades, has increased by 10% largely due to its growth within combo markets, and Stop The Clock by 13%. Brands with the most investment, or IPO relationships, tend to be the most resilient or expansive. Standalone VR is the only sector to have declined (-5%); however, unlike its peers, it is now more likely to be incorporated into blended rather than standalone concepts and remains an important growth area for new entrants. In each case, the more successful operators are utilising the draw of a bar, with F&B sales providing a significant proportion of revenue.

As with much of the wider retail and leisure markets, the last five years have seen a significant flight to quality. Many of the original pioneers of the sector, particularly independents with little financial backing, failed to survive through the Covid years. Those small businesses that worked hard at their quality of offer and targeting PE funding have expanded having created more established covenant and confidence with landlords. The high setup costs often require landlord contributions, but land longer than average lettings.

CS encompasses a mix of experiential leisure activities, such as urban mini golf, stop the clock (which includes breakout rooms), bowling and virtual reality (VR). There are also ‘solo’ operators that focus on a single sport concept and ‘combo’ brands that have multiple CS concepts under one roof. The market was in its relative infancy in 2018, and whilst the market has grown since then as a whole, some subsectors have accelerated at a faster pace than others. Auditing this growth is challenging, given its fragmented nature and almost constant new entrants. Our focus has been on locations where the leisure offer is a key differentiator of the business rather than an add-on (e.g. a bar with beer pong is not included).

Several operators have established themselves as blended ‘combo’ brands, with a more varied entertainment experience proving popular with consumers and extending dwell times. The likes of Boom Battle Bar, Lane7 and Roxy have contributed to the 455% increase in ‘combo’ attractions over the past five years, whereas cinema operator The Light has adapted its most recent developments to incorporate a broader leisure offering. ‘Solo’ competitive socialising, which defines venues marketing one singular activity such as darts, axe-throwing and ping-pong, has grown by 162%. Urban mini golf, a more established sector, but one which has been revolutionised through innovative design and imaginatively themed layouts, has also seen an increase of 96%.

By comparison, bowling, whose presence in the market spans decades, has increased by 10% largely due to its growth within combo markets, and Stop The Clock by 13%. Brands with the most investment, or IPO relationships, tend to be the most resilient or expansive. Standalone VR is the only sector to have declined (-5%); however, unlike its peers, it is now more likely to be incorporated into blended rather than standalone concepts and remains an important growth area for new entrants. In each case, the more successful operators are utilising the draw of a bar, with F&B sales providing a significant proportion of revenue.

As with much of the wider retail and leisure markets, the last five years have seen a significant flight to quality. Many of the original pioneers of the sector, particularly independents with little financial backing, failed to survive through the Covid years. Those small businesses that worked hard at their quality of offer and targeting PE funding have expanded having created more established covenant and confidence with landlords. The high setup costs often require landlord contributions, but land longer than average lettings.

While greater London is the biggest market, on a per capita basis, the largest regional cities have a more significant supply and experience more growth. Manchester remains the second largest market, but Birmingham has seen the fastest growth in CS over the past five years, with the city seeing a net influx of 14 operators – a 74% uptick in site openings and with more planned for the Bullring & Grand Central estates in 2024. Liverpool has seen a net increase of nine new operators, with five brands alone in Liverpool One shopping centre, including Junkyard Golf, Gravity Max, Escape Live, Roxy Ballroom and Esports venue, Level Tap, with Flight Club set to join the lineup in 2024. London has seen a smaller proportionate rise in openings at 6%, which is largely due to a lack of affordable opportunities with the right footprint rather than saturation.

The key to future-proofing this sector is either bringing multiple concepts together under one roof as a cluster of brands or via a ‘combo’ style operator, or having a clear brand identity backed up with a high-quality offer or IPO. We’ve already seen several underinvested pioneers in the sector disappear, but otherwise, the growth in competitive socialising has been remarkable despite a dampened consumer backdrop, and shows that there remains a strong appetite for good leisure experiences. As such, we will continue to see further growth and new market entrants in the years to come.

Immersive leisure is the fastest-growing subsector in the UK’s major city centres

The leisure market is rarely described now without the term ‘experiential’, but a key difference is how a visitor can genuinely feel transformed into another world. A parallel leisure subsector to competitive socialising is taking hold around interactive and immersive experiences, with operators particularly favouring major city centres across the UK where domestic and international visitors have returned.

What once was a sector in its infancy has grown exponentially over the last three years. Whilst it remains difficult to clearly define the parameters of the ‘immersive’ leisure sector given the variety of concepts categorised under this banner, there are distinct themes, each of which works to satisfy all senses. Much of this revolves around the arts (theatre, music etc), digitisation or bringing known TV, Film and Entertainment IP (intellectual property) to life. The likes of ABBA Voyage, The War of The Worlds, BBC Earth and Monopoly Lifesized show the importance of a strong IP in appealing to consumers.

How much of this becomes a relatively short-term fixture remains to be seen, but the cost of a good fit-out and the increasing inward investment certainly resonates with a more permanent offer. We have witnessed national and international expansion encouraged by a 375% increase in funding in this subsector (365 Finance) while continuing to be polarised by short-term activations (typically three to six months) and longer-term five-year-plus leases. Shorter-term live requirements include Fever (partnering with Netflix for Money Heist and Stranger Things), as well as Immersive Everywhere (with brand tie-ups such as Doctor Who and Peaky Blinders).

Permanent site openings have so far been skewed to London, including Frameless at Marble Arch (soon to be joined on the Portman Estate by Moco Museum), Monopoly Live (Tottenham Court Road) and The Paddington Experience (County Hall later in 2024). Further requirements in the market include Spyscape, The Lost Estate (actively seeking a permanent home to follow its meanwhile West Kensington location) and Secret Cinema, following its buyout from TodayTix. Museum of Illusions has 40 global locations, but a significant pipeline, including London, Birmingham, and Manchester, showing that major regional cities are also on the radar for expansion.

The immersive sector is no longer new and untested, it has evolved, and with it has the property market. The challenge to growth is limited by suitable store units. Given the influx of acquiring operators, occupier demand continues to outweigh supply and resultingly, prime locations are gathering good competitive tension and driving up rents (£50 psf+). Operators are typically looking for 20,000–40,000 sq ft, open-plan spaces and 4m+ head height for ‘showstopper’ installations. Incentives remain a key negotiation point, particularly as operators continue to structure their growth via SPVs; however, increasingly they have sufficient trading history to demonstrate a proven concept, steady income and improved covenant.

Counter to the positive growth story, there has been some waning excitement from landlords who have followed the immersive market for some time, and who, given the sheer number of requirements, have found it hard to identify those who truly have the necessary funding, longevity of concept and property knowledge to successfully transact a deal. Differentiation is a necessity in this crowded market. Technological advancement and strong IPs will help operators build an identifiable brand and protect themselves against copycats and competition, but with limited supply in the regions, growth continues to remain inevitable if good sites can be acquired.

Gym memberships continue to improve alongside appetite for expansion, particularly in the out-of-town retail sector

Another sector that has undoubtedly recognised the benefit of location on or adjacent to retail parks – namely easy access and plenty of parking – is health and fitness. The out-of-town market has seen an additional 45 gyms open in 2023, the majority from Pure Gym (34), who, in fact, top the chart for the most acquisitive operators across the whole sector. In addition, JD Gyms has opened seven new outlets across the UK’s retail and shopping parks, cementing its place in the top 20 most acquisitive operators in 2023 (figure 4). Nevertheless, we are expecting to see a slowdown in openings across retail and shopping parks in particular moving forward, as low void rates and subsequent rising rents are making opportunities more scarce.

Leisure DB’s State of the UK Fitness Industry Report published mid-2023 suggests member numbers are up 3.9 % versus 2022. Penetration rates are also still recovering positively, with 15.1 % of the UK population now a member of a gym: 10.2 % members of private health clubs, while the public sector has a 4.9% penetration rate. Falling short of pre-Covid highs, nonetheless, both figures are now moving in the right direction.

Meanwhile, the upward trajectory in market value – +11.5% since the 2022 report – is being driven by rising average membership fees. This trend has seen some brands move out of the low-cost bracket altogether, leading this market segment to shrink for the first time since it emerged in 2011.

PureGym’s more recent Fitness Report for 2023/24 seems to echo these findings, where encouragingly, despite the cost of living crisis, the research reveals that 24% of the population has actually increased their spending on exercise within the last year. PureGym’s research suggests UK gym members have grown by 2% since last year, with as much as 16% of the population now currently gym members. Beyond this, a further 16% of people have stated that they plan on joining the gym in 2024.

The boutique market has fared less well in the post-pandemic market, as the shift to work from home has impacted membership retention and consumer appetite for such outgoings. Although we are seeing an uptick in requirements through 2023, demand still remains muted compared to pre-pandemic levels.

At the premium end of the sector, the health club (‘wet-club’) market is performing well, although there is a disparity between those city centre offerings and suburban locations. The already established trend of working out of coffee shops and health clubs has benefited the likes of David Lloyd and Virgin Active significantly, with offers of business lounges and private areas for meetings, luring in members. In 2023, David Lloyd opened a new facility at Rugby and is investing in the roll-out of its spa retreats, with 25+ facilities now open.

David Lloyd is also installing padel tennis courts in its facilities as it acknowledges the potential of embracing the world’s fastest-growing sport. Worthy of a section in its own right, padel is certainly a burgeoning sector in the health and fitness market. Since 2018, the number of players has increased 60× in the UK, with 175,000 active players, according to the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA). However, the number of facilities still lags behind other European countries, with 130 more courts being built in the last year, to a total of 280 (Spain has 4,000 in comparison!).

Box office revenues improve as Hollywood gets its act together, which comes at the right time for multiscreen operators

According to the UK Cinema Association, 2023 was another important step in the recovery of the UK cinema sector post-Covid, with an increase in box office revenue of 8.2% on the previous year, resulting in revenues reaching over £978.5m. At the same time, admissions were also up 5.3% on 2022 at £123.6m (Figure 9).

The fortunes of the cinema sector are, of course, largely influenced by Hollywood. 2023 saw a significant improvement in the number of blockbuster releases, as the hangover from Covid-driven production delays receded. While 2022 brought recovery in the overall volume of films, there had remained a shortfall in the number of ‘saturation’ releases – those playing in over 250 cinemas – falling from 186 in 2019 to 135 in 2022.

However, this improved to 174 saturation releases in 2023, almost back to the levels seen pre-Covid and undoubtedly welcome news for the UK cinema industry. Such titles included The Super Mario Bros. Movie which saw box office revenue reach over £50m in April, followed by Barbie passing £50 million in just eleven days to reach the top spot for 2023 with a revenue totalling £87m. Oppenheimer was the other big mover of the year, finishing in second place with a revenue of £52.8m.

Nevertheless, 2023 was a tough year for the bigger operators, with Cineworld and Empire Cinemas filing for administration in the UK last summer. The Empire administration had a silver lining however, with Ireland’s Omniplex Cinema Group acquiring five of the six closed cinemas as part of its ambitions to expand in the UK market.

Vue also completed a debt-for-equity swap with lenders in the early part of 2023, which saw £470m of debt wiped out and has recently announced a fresh debt restructuring this quarter, as the Hollywood strikes pushed out timetables of blockbuster releases key for recovery in 2024. Everyman Group bucked the trend, with revenue growth of 16.7% for 2023 (to £90.9m), coupled with the acquisition of the two Tivoli sites in Bath and Cheltenham from the Empire administrations and a further four new openings expected in 2024.

Overall, the cinema sector will remain under pressure in 2024, but the successes of 2023 prove that the fundamentals of the sector and consumers enjoying the cinema-going experience remain true.

_{Read the articles within Spotlight: UK Leisure – 2024 below.}